Incomplete ionization
The densities of ionized impurities are calculated in the context of Thomas-Fermi approximation with these formulas:
where the summation is over all different donor or acceptors, \(N_\text{D},N_\text{A}\) are the doping concentrations, \(g_\text{D},g_\text{A}\) are the degeneracy factors (\(g_\text{D}=2\) and \(g_\text{A}=4\) for shallow impurities), and \(E_{D},E_{A}\) are the energies of the neutral donor and acceptor impurities, respectively.
These energies of neutral impurities \(E_{\text{D},i},E_{\text{A},i}\) are determined by the ionization energies \(E_{\text{D},i}^\text{ion},E_{\text{A},i}^\text{ion}\) , the bulk conduction and valence band edges (including shifts due to strain) and the electrostatic potential.
Last update: 04/12/2024